HA: ISRO Vulnhub Walkthrough

Today we are going to solve our CTF challenge called “HA: ISRO” We have developed this lab for the purpose of online penetration practices. Solving this lab is not that tough if have proper basic knowledge of Penetration testing. Let’s start and learn how to breach it.

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Level: Intermediate

Task: Find 4 Flags on the victim’s machine.

Penetration Methodologies

  • Scanning Network
    • Netdiscover
    • Nmap
  • Enumeration
    • Browsing HTTP Service
    • Performing Directory Bruteforce
  • Exploitation
    • RFI
    • Create PHP reverse shell
    • Getting a reverse connection via RFI
    • Spawning a TTY Shell
  • Privilege Escalation
    • Writable /etc/passwd File

Walkthrough

Scanning Network

Firsts of all we try to identify our target and for this use the following command:

Now that we have identified our target using the above command, we can continue on to our second step that is scanning the target. We will use nmap to scan the target with the following command:

Enumeration

With the help of help scan, we now know that port number 22, 80 are open with the service of SSH, HTTP respectively. Now that port 80 is open we open the target IP address in our browser as shown in the following image:

It opened a webpage as shown in the above image. Here we found the Bhaskara page, so now we opened and found an information webpage there as shown in the image below:

As a convention, we will enumerate the webpage by going through the source code. We see that we have the Bhaskara Launch Code. This seems a base64 encoded text.

Now we got to decode it. To do this we will be using the combination of the echo command and the base64 -d.

After decoding the base64 encoded text we get “/bhaskara”. This seems a hint that there might be a directory named bhaskara.

So, we went on to our browser in order to browse the bhaskara directory. We see that a file is downloaded when we browse the URL. This is a 2MB file. After enumerating the file, we came to realize that it is a TrueCrypt file.

Now in order to crack this file, we are going to use extract its hash using the true.py. You can download the true.py from this link. We named the file as true.py and ran it and it gave us the password as xavier.

Now as we knew it was a TrueCrypt file. That means it might be hiding something inside it. So, we tried to open it using VeraCrypt by providing it path and selecting a volume as shown in the given image.

Upon mounting the TrueCrypt file on a slot, we are asked to enter the password. We enter the password that we found earlier i.e. ‘xavier’

 It opened up to show a text file labelled ‘flag.txt’. We opened it; it gave us our first flag. Bhaskara Flag.

Bhaskara Flag: {b7bb88578a70970b9be45ac8630b6f9d}

Now let’s move forward in Enumeration. We also performed a directory scan. This gave us an /img directory. We performed an extension directory scan. It gave us a connect.php.

We went into the /img directory. Here we found an image called aryabhata.jpg.

We will download the aryabhata.jpg and opened it.  

Upon opening it we found it to be the poster for Aryabhata satellite as shown in the image given below.

As we couldn’t find anything specific with the image, we suspected that there is some steganography involved. Hence, we decided to use the Steghide tool to extract anything that might be hidden in the image. We saw that there is a text file named flag.txt hidden inside it. On opening it we found the Aryabhata flag. 

Aryabhata Flag:{e39cf1cbb00f09141259768b6d4c63fb}

Exploitation

Back to the Web Browser, we also found a connect.php in our drib directory bruteforce. This gave us nothing. Then we realized that this can be command injection. Now to test we tried opening the etc/passwd file through it. As seen in the image given below, we see that it’s a File Inclusion Vulnerability.

We edited our shell.php, to enter the attacker machine IP address. And then closed the file after saving it. Now we need to send this to the target machine. Hence, we started a python http server using the one-liner showed below.

We are gonna capture a reverse connection using the netcat. So we need to initiate a listener on the port mentioned in the shell file.

After starting the listener on the target machine, we will run the shell on the target machine using the File Inclusion Vulnerability.

Upon execution, the shell gave us a session to the target machine. As seen in the image given below, it wasn’t a proper shell. So, we needed a python one liner to convert it into a proper shell.

We used netstat command to check for the IP address and ports the target machine is listening on and found that a web service (3306) is allowed for localhost only. The most common service to run on the port 3306 is MySQL. Let’s enumerate in that direction.

We tried to login in the MySQL database as the root user. After logging in the MySQL, we enumerated the databases. Here we found a database named ‘flag’. We looked inside the tables of flag database. Here we found our second flag Mangalyaan Flag.

Mangalyaan Flag:{d8a7f803e36f1c84e277009bf2c0f435}

Privilege Escalation

As a part of our Enumeration for Escalating Privilege on the target machine, we try to find if the /etc/passwd is writable. We can see that the file is, in fact, writable. This is our way to move forward.

Now we going to need the password hash for the user that we are going to create on the target machine by making an entry in the /etc/passwd file. We are going to use the openssl to generate a salted hash.

Now back to our remote shell on the target machine. Here we are going to use the hash that we generated in the previous step and make a user raj which has the elevated privilege. We used the echo command to make an entry in the /etc/passwd file. After making an entry we checked the entry using the tail command. Now, all we got to do is run su command with the user name we just created and enter the password and we have the root shell. We traversed inside the root directory to find our final flag, Chandrayaan Flag.

Chandrayaan Flag:{0ad8d59efe7ce5c820aa7350a5d708b2}

Author: Pavandeep Singh is a Technical Writer, Researcher and Penetration Tester Contact here

Docker Installation & Configuration

Docker services are extensively used in IT operations, so it is very important that you start learning from docker basics. In this article, we will cover the installation and setup of the docker, along with its specific uses.

Learn web application in

Table of Content

  • Introduction to docker
  • Docker and its terminology
  • Advantages of docker
  • Installation and usage

Introduction to Docker

Docker is a third-party tool developed to create an isolated environment to execute any application. These applications are run using containers. These containers are unique because they bring together all the dependencies of an application into a single package and deploy it. 

Now, to work with docker you will need to install docker-engine in your host. It is a foundation to the docker system, which basically runs as a client-server application. Its daemon process is referred to as server and the command-line interface is referred to as a client and REST API is used to create a communication link between client and server.

In Linux, docker client interacts with docker server through the CLI. Here, the terminal is docker client and docker host will run the docker daemon.

Whereas in windows, to work with docker, we need to install docker toolbox component in docker host in order to set up an environment on your Windows or iOS.

Docker and its terminology

When working with docker, one should be familiar with the following terms :

  • Docker Hub: It is a repository which available to all who uses docker through cloud. Through docker hub, one can create, store, test, pull and share container images.
  • Docker Images : Docker image acts as a template in order to create container. Build command is used to create docker images. Docker images makes it easy.
  • Docker containers : Containers are said to be isolated environment provided to the docker image and its dependencies so that it can run independently. The focus of deploying a container is to update or repair an application or just simply modify it and share it. When working on an image, container lets you create a layer of a single command used which make it easy to modify it, or upgrade or degrade is version.
  • Docker Registry : All the docker images are stored in docker registry. User can either can have local registry on their system or they can have a public one like docker hub.

Advantages of docker

  • Easy to use
  • Faster scaling systems
  • Better software delivery
  • Flexibility
  • Provides isolated environment
  • Supports software-defined networking
  • Rapid deployment
  • Security

Installation and usage

To install docker, simply open the terminal of Linux and type the following command :

To check the version one can use the following command :

Further, you can run help command in docker, which is as follows, to know all the options that docker provides at your service.

Once the docker is up and running, you can run or pull any image in your docker container. For instance, here we have run hello-world. When you run the following command, it will first check your local repository; if the image is not available there then it will pull it from docker hub.

As we have explained before, CLI works as a client, so directly from the terminal, you can search for any image you like. Like, here we have searched for ubuntu. One thing to remember here is that image with more stars will be the most authentic one.

Once you find your image, you can pull it into your container with the following command :

Now to check how many images you have in your docker, simply type the following command :

To remove any image, use the following command :

Here, rmi refers to remove image.

Now, in the details given by ps command, you can see that the name of our ubuntu image is adoring curie, which is a random name generated by docker for every image. To, rename this name we can use the following command :

And you can confirm with the ps command again that the name has been changed as shown in the image below :

The docker attaches command permits you to attach to a running container using the container ID or name, you can use one instance of shell only though attach command. But if you crave to open new terminal with new instance of container’s shell, we just need run docker exec.

Using the ps command we can see all the processes that are running in docker. There, for this, type :

To stop the running container, you can use stop command as shown in the below image, we have stopped the container and its process which can be confirm with the help of process command. As result there should be no running process for ignite.

If you can export the docker filesystem as a archive, use export command to compress the filesystem of a docker container into tar. The export commands fetch the whole container like a snapshot of a regular VM.

It will give you a flat .tar archive containing the filesystem of your container.

When you will export container as tar file, the file has hash value which can read as:

In order to save the image of container which you can upload on other docker use save command.  You can subsequently load this “saved” images into a new docker instance and create containers from these images.

In order to clear all image and or stop all process of the container. It will pack the layers and metadata of all the chain required to build the image.

To learn how to set up vulnerable web application setup using docker from here.

Author: Yashika Dhir is a passionate Researcher and Technical Writer at Hacking Articles. She is a hacking enthusiast. contact here

Apache Tomcat Penetration Testing Lab Setup

In this article, we will learn the process of installing an Apache Tomcat on any Linux Machine. We will also learn how to gain control over our victim’s PC through exploiting Apache Tomcat.

Requirements:

Server/Victim Machine: Ubuntu 18.04

Pentesting Machine: Kali Linux

Table of Content

Introduction of Apache Tomcat

Installation of Apache Tomcat

  • Install Apache
  • Install Java JDK
  • Download tomcat manager
  • Tomcat manager configuration
  • Create a tomcat user and group
  • Assign permission
  • Create a systemd Service File
  • Update firewall to allow tomcat
  • Configure Tomcat Web Management Interface
  • Access the Web Interface

Exploiting Apache Tomcat

Introduction of Apache Tomcat

Apache Tomcat which is also known as Tomcat Server is a Java-Based HTTP Web Server. It implements Java EE Specifications like Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages (JSP), Java EL, and WebSocket. It is an open-source software made by developers at Apache Software Foundation. Apache has been released as early as 1999. That makes Apache Tomcat 20 years old at the time of publication of this article.

Apache Tomcat in its simplest configuration runs in a single operating system process. This process is commonly known as the Java virtual machine (JVM). This allows Apache Tomcat platform-independent as well as secure as compared to others.

Installation of Apache Tomcat

Let’s start with apache tomcat installation but before that, you should go with below command.

Now, Apache Tomcat needs Java to be installed so that the Java Application code can be executed on the server. To make this possible, installed the Java Development Kit.

Create User and Group

To run the tomcat as an unprivileged user, create a group and a new user named as tomcat. We have created the user in /opt because we are going to install tomcat in that directory. We don’t need the tomcat user to use the shell so we will be using the -s parameter to set /bin/false shell. By doing this authentication will get disabled for the tomcat user.

Download Tomcat Manager

Now, we are going to download the apache tomcat Package from here.  After downloading it’s time to extract the package it inside /opt directory and move forward.

Assign Permissions

Now we are going to use the chgrp command to give the ownership of the tomcat directory to the tomcat group.

To allow the tomcat group user to perform the read and execute operation change permission for /conf file as given below.

Also give ownership to the tomcat group user for directories like webapp/, work/, temp/ and logs/.

We want Apache Tomcat to be run as a service and for that, we will have to set up a system service. To do this, we are going to require the location of the Java Installation. For this, we will be running the command given below.

Create an SYSTEMD Service File

To create a system service file, open the tomcat. service file in the /etc/systemd/system directory using nano editor.

Now append the following content and modify the JAVA_HOME as shown below 

Now Save this file. This will make tomcat a service.

Reload the systemd daemon to register our newly created tomcat service. If everything is done correctly, we will able to run, stop and see the status of the Apache Tomcat as a service.

Update Firewall to Allow Tomcat

It’s time to allow the tomcat via our firewall Since Ubuntu has the ufw installed and set up by default. Apache Tomcat generally uses the post 8080 to receive requests from users.

Execute below command to start tomcat starts automatically whenever the machine boots up.

Configure Tomcat Web Management Interface

At this stage, if you will browse the Server IP with the port 8080, you will be greeted with an Apache Tomcat Page. But if you will click on the links to the Manager App, you will get Access Denied. This means that you haven’t yet set up the Tomcat Web Manager Interface. So, let’s do that and complete the Apache Tomcat Setup.

Open the file using the nano editor and make the following changes as shown in the image given below.

You can change the username and password as per your choice. We will save and close the editor after making appropriate changes.

By default, Apache Tomcat restricts access to the Manager and Host Manager apps to connections coming from the server. As we are installing Tomcat for a remote machine, we will probably want to alter this restriction. To change the restrictions on these, we will be editing these context.xml files.

Inside, comment out the IP address restriction to allow connections from anywhere. Alternatively, if you would like to allow access only to connections coming from your own IP address.

We do the same thing with the host-manager file. To allow access to Host Manager too.

saved the changes restart the tomcat service.

Access the Web Interface

We got to the interface by entering your server’s domain name or IP address followed on port 8080 in our browser. Now we will try to see if the Manager and Host Manager interfaces are working. Click the Buttons highlighted in the image.

The Login authentication page will pop-up as expected, we enter the credentials that we created earlier.

Upon verification of the credentials, Apache Tomcat lands us to this Tomcat Virtual Host Manager Interface. From this page, you can add virtual hosts to serve your applications. This concludes our Apache Tomcat Setup.

Exploiting Apache Tomcat

Now that we have successfully installed the Apache Tomcat Framework, Let’s do its Penetration Testing. We are going to use Metasploit for exploiting the Apache Tomcat.

This module can be used to execute a payload on Apache Tomcat servers that have an exposed “manager” application. The payload is uploaded as a WAR archive containing a JSP application using a POST request against the /manager/html/upload component. NOTE: The compatible payload sets vary based on the selected target. For example, you must select the Windows target to use native Windows payloads.

As a result, you can observe that we have the meterpreter session of the target machine.

Learn multiple ways to exploit tomcat manager from here.

Author: Ahmad is a Technical Writer, Researcher and Penetration Tester. Contact here

Hacker Fest: 2019 Vulnhub Walkthrough

Hacker Fest:2019 VM is made by Martin Haller. This VM is a purposely built vulnerable lab with the intent of gaining experience in the world of penetration testing. It is of easy level and is very handy in order to brush up your skills as a penetration tester. The ultimate goal of this challenge is to get root and to read the root flag.

Level: Easy

Since these labs are available on the Vulnhub Website. We will be downloading the lab file from this link.

Penetration Testing Methodology

  • Network Scanning
    • Nmap port scan
  • Enumeration
    • Browsing HTTP Service
    • Scanning WordPress (wpscan)
  • Exploiting
    • WordPress Google Maps Plugin SQL Injection
    • WordPress_admin_shell_upload exploit
  • Privilege Escalation
    • Abusing Sudo Rights

Walkthrough

Network Scanning

To identify target IP address we will initiate with netdiscover and thus we found 192.168.0.20. Let’s now go for advance network scanning using the nmap Aggressive scan.

We learned from the scan that we have the port 80 open which is hosting Apache httpd service, along with the ports 21 and 22  open. This tells us that we also have the FTP service, SSH Service running on the target machine.

Enumeration

Since we got the port 80 open, we decided to open the IP address in the web browser.

This gave us a site that looks like a WordPress site, it’s time to perform a wpscan on the target machine.

If we move further down in the wpscan result we find the WordPress google map plugin. It is not updated. So, this could help us. Let’s try and exploit it.

WordPress Google maps Sqli Exploit

We searched the google maps on the Metasploit Framework.  This gave us the following exploit. This exploit works on a SQL injection vulnerability in a REST endpoint registered by the WordPress plugin wp-google-maps between 7.11.00 and 7.11.17 (included). As the table prefix can be changed by administrators, set DB_PREFIX accordingly.

So, we got the following hash through the SQL injection that was on the target machine.

Whenever we get some hashes all we remember is our best friend John The Ripper. The hashes were saved in a file named ‘hash’. We ran it through john. After working on it for some time. John cracked one of the hashes, it came out to be ‘kittykat1’.

The very first method that we have is Metasploit framework, this module takes an administrator username and password, logs into the admin panel, and uploads a payload packaged as a WordPress plugin. Because this is authenticated code execution by design, it should work on all versions of WordPress and as a result, it will give meterpreter session of the webserver.

Great!! It works wonderfully and you can see that we have owned the reverse connection of the web server via meterpreter session.

Privilege Escalation

On the other hands start your attacking machine and first compromise the target system and then move to the privilege escalation phase. After successful login in the victim’s machine now executes below command to know sudo rights for the current user.

Author: Japneet Kaur Gandhi is a Technical Writer, Researcher and Penetration Tester. Contact here