Understanding Guide to Nmap Firewall Scan (Part 1)
Several times you might have used NMAP to performing Network scanning for enumerating active Port services of target machine but in some scenario, it is not possible to perform scanning with help of basic scan method especially in case of firewall filter.
Today we are going to demonstrate “Nmap firewall scan” by making use of Iptable rules and try to bypass the firewall filter to perform NMAP Advance scanning.
Let’s Begin!!
Attacker’s IP: 192.168.0.107 [kali linux]
Target’s IP: 192.168.0.101 [Ubuntu]
Analysis TCP Scan
Open the terminal in your Kali Linux and execute the following command to perform TCP[sT] scan for open port enumeration.
nmap -sT -p22 192.168.1.101
From given below image you can observe we had scanned port 22 as result it has shown Port 22 is Open for SSH service.
When you will use Wireshark in order to capture the packet send in the case of TCP while the network is being scanning, here you need to notice few things such as “flag, Total length and time to live[TTL]” [in layer3].
Following table contains detail of Flag, Data length and TTL in different scanning method:
Scan Name | Flag | Data Length | TTL |
-sT (TCP) | SYN →
← SYN, ACK ACK → RST, ACK → |
60 | 64 |
-sS (Stealth) | SYN →
← SYN, ACK RST |
44 | <64 (Less than 64) |
-sF (Finish) | FIN → | 40 | <64 (Less than 64) |
-sN (Null) | NULL → | 40 | <64 (Less than 64) |
-sX (Xmas) | FIN, PSH, URG → | 40 | <64 (Less than 64) |
Following image of Wireshark is showing network traffic generated while nmap TCP scan is running, here 1st stream indicates SYN packet which contains the following information:
Total Length: 60 [data length excluding 14 bytes of Ethernet]
Time to live: 64 [it is maximum TTL of the Linux system in TCP communication]
Reject SYN Flag with IPTables
As we know there is the strong fight between security researcher and attacker, to increase network security admin will apply firewall filter which will now prevent 3-way handshake communication in the network and resists attacker to perform TCP scan by rejecting SYN packet in the network.
Execute given below command in Ubuntu to block SYN packet:
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL SYN -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Iptable work as the firewall in the Linux operating system and above iptable rule will reject SYN packet to prevent TCP scan.
Now when SYN packet has been rejected by the firewall in the target network, the attacker will be unable to enumerate open port of the target’s network even if services are activated.
Now when again we [the attacker] have executed TCP scan then it found Port 22 is closed as shown in the given image.
Bypass SYN Filter
When the attacker fails to enumerate open port using a TCP scan. Then there are some advanced scanning methods used to bypass such type of firewall filter as given below :
FIN Scan
A FIN packet is used to terminate the TCP connection between the source and destination port typically after the data transfer is complete. In the place of the SYN packet, Nmastartsrt a FIN scan by sending FIN packet.
Fin Scan only works on Linux machine and does not work on latest version of windows
nmap -sF -p22 192.168.0.101
Frothe m given image you can observe the result that port 22 is open.
When you will capture network traffic for FIN packet, you can bear out “data length” is 40 and “TTL” will be less than 64 every time moreover there is no use of SYN packet to establish TCP communication with target machine.
NULL Scan
A Null Scan is a series of TCP packets which hold a sequence number of “zeros” (0000000) and since there are none flags set, the destination will not know how to reply the request. It will discard the packet and no reply will be sent, which indicate that the t port is open.
Null Scan are only workable in Linux machines and does not work on the latest version of windows
nmap -sN -p22 192.168.0.101
For the m given image you can observe the result that port 22 is open.
Similar,ly When you will capture network traffic for the NULL packet, you can bear out “data length” is 40 and “TTL” will be less than 64 every time, here also there is no use of SYN packet to establish TCP communication with target machine.
XMAS Scan
These scans are designed to manipulate the PSH, URG and FIN flags of the TCP header, Sets the FIN, PSH, and URG flags, lighting the packet up like a Christmas tree. When source sent FIN, PUSH, and URG packet to a specific port and if a port is open then destination will discard the packets and will not sent any reply to a source.
Xmas Scan are only workable in Linux machines and does not work on the latest version of windows
nmap -sX -p22 192.168.0.101
From the given image you can observe the result that port 22 is open.
Similarly, When you will capture network traffic for xmas scan you will get the combination of FIN, PSH and URG flags, here also you can bear out “data length” is 40 and “TTL” will be less than 64 every time.
Conclusion: TCP connection established by 3 way handshake and if firewall discard 3 way handshake to prevent TCP communication then FIN, NULL and XMAS scan are used for TCP connection.
Reject FIN Packet Using IPTABLES Rule
Again admin add a new firewall filter to Prevent Network enumeration from Fin scan which will reject FIN packet in the network.
Execute given below command in Ubuntu to block FIN packet:
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL FIN -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Now when the attacker will try to perform advance scan through FIN scan then he will not able to enumerate open port information which you can confirm from given below image.
At present only Null and Xmas will helpful to perform port enumeration until unless admin has not block traffic coming from these scan. From given below image you can confirm that port 22 is close when Fin scan is performed while open when Null and Xmas is performed.
To prevent you network from NULL and Xmas scan too, apply given below iptables rule for Null and Xmas respectively:
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL FIN,PSH,URG -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Reject Data-length with IPTables
As I had discussed above TCP communication based upon 3 factors i.e. “Flag” which I had demonstrated above, “TTL” which I will demonstrate later and “Data length” which I am going to demonstrate.
So now when admin wants secure again his network from TCP scan, instead of applying firewall filter on TCP-flags he can also apply firewall rule to check “data length” of a specific size and then stop the incoming network traffic for TCP connection. Execute given below command to apply firewall rule on “data length”; by default 60 is data length use for TCP scan which you can confirm from the table given above.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m length --length 60 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Now when the data length of 60 bytes has been block by the firewall in target network then the attacker will be unable to enumerate open port of target even if service is activated.
Now when again we [the attacker] had executed TCP scan then it has found Port 22 is closed as shown in the given image.
Bypass Data-Length Restriction with Stealth Scan
When attacker fail to enumerate open port using TCP [sT] scan then there are some scanning method used to bypass such type of firewall filter as given below:
nmap -sS -p 22 192.168.0.101
From given below image you can observe port 22 is open when stealth scan[sS] is executed, this is because the data length send by stealth scan is 44 by default for TCP connection.
Stealth scan is much similar to TCP scan and also known as “half open” scanning because it send SYN packet and as response receives SYN/ACK packet from listening port and dump result without sending an ACK packet to listening port. Therefore if “SYN packet” is block by firewall this scan gets failed, this scan is only applicable in case of data length = 60 is block or TTL = 64 is block by the firewall.
Fragment Scan
The -f option causes the requested scan to use tiny fragmented IP packets. The idea is to split up the TCP header over several packets to make it harder for packet filters, intrusion detection systems, and other annoyances to detect what you are doing. So a 20-byte TCP header would be split into three packets, two with eight bytes of the TCP header, and one with the final four.
nmap -f -p22 192.168.0.101
When you will capture network traffic, you can bear out “data length” is 28 excluding 14 bytes of Ethernet and “TTL” will be less than 64 every time.
Similarly, you use Fin, Null and Xmas scan whose data length is 40 to enumerate open port of target network.
If admin will apply firewall filter to reject data length 40,44 and 60 then it will not allow the attacker to perform above all scan either basic scan or advance scan by executing following iptables rules.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m length --length 60 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m length --length 44 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m length --length 40 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
From given below image you can observe now Fin, null, Xmas and stealth scan are some examples which were unable to enumerate open port of target network. All are showing port is close even if service is activated.
Data Length Scan
Note:– Nmap “–data-length” works with only stealth scan, it won’t work any other type of firewall scan. Some UDP and TCP ports get a custom payload by default for example:- FTP and SSH. Nmap will add ssh and Ftp headers while scanning port 21 and 22.
When an attacker is unable to enumerate open port by applying the above scan then he should go with nmap “data-length scan” which will bypass above firewall filter too.
By default nmap scan has fix data length as explain above, this scan let you append the random data length of your choice.
Using the following command attacker is trying to enumerate open port by defining data length 12
nmap --data-length 12 -p22 192.168.0.101
Awesome!! From given below image you can observe port 22 is open.
So when you will use wireshark to capture network traffic generated while this scan has been executed you will get “Total length” for TCP is 44.
Size of SSH packet is 70 bytes; now reduce 14 bytes from its of Ethernet then remains 56 byte; now reduce 12 bytes of data length which you have define at last total length will 44 bytes left.
Here, 70 bytes -14 bytes[Ethernet] = 56 bytes
Now, 56 bytes -12 bytes[data-length] = 44 bytes
Reject Length size 1 to 100
If an admin is aware from nmap data-length scan then he should block a complete range of data length to prevent network scanning from the attacker by executing following iptable rule.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m length --length 1:100 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Now firewall will analysis traffic coming on its network then reject the packet which contains data-length from 1 byte to 100 bytes and deny to establish TCP connections with the attacker.
Now if the attacker sends data-length between 1 byte to 100 bytes the port scanning gets failed to enumerate its open state which you can confirm from given below image when data length 12 bytes and 10 bytes is sent in both scan, port 22 is closed. As soon as the attacker sent data-length of 101 bytes which is more than 100 bytes, port 22 gets open.
TTL Scan
Reject TTL size with IPTables
After applying firewall filter on “TCP flags” and “data length” to secure network from enumeration now add firewall filter for “Time To Live” i.e. TTL.
If you had notice the table given in the beginning of the article you will observe that only TCP Scan [sT] has TTL value equal to 64 else remaining scan has TTL value less than 64 every time, hence if admin applies firewall filter to reject TTL value 64 then it will prevent network from TCP scanning.
Given below command will add a new firewall rule to check the TTL value of 64 and reject the packet.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m ttl --ttl 64 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Now if attacker use “TCP [sT] scan” to enumerate port information, it will always show “port is closed”, else if other scan is performed the attacker will get accurate information related to the port state. From given below image you can observe when “basic scan is execute” to enumerate port details it give “port 22 is open”.
This happen because the TTL value for “basic scan” is less than 64 and the firewall of the target machine will reject only TTL value equal to 64. When we had captured network traffic generated while this scan has been executed then we found TTL value is 56 used in the basic scan.
Now admin has added one more step of security to prevent his network from entire type scanning by rejecting TTL value of 64 and less than 64.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m ttl --ttl-lt 64 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Now firewall will analysis the traffic coming on his network and blocks the packet contains TTL 64 or less than it.
Bravo!! Above firewall rule is more powerful than the previous rules because it has complete block NMAP “basic scan” as well as “advance scan”, if you notice given below image then you will observe that TCP [sT], Fin Scan [sF], Data-length, Stealth [sS] Scan all have been failed and showing port is closed.
Still, there is a second way to enumerate port for an accurate result, by setting TTL value greater than 64. Following command will perform a port scan with defined TTL value i.e. 65 which will bypass firewall filter as 65 is greater than 64.
nmap -p22 --ttl 65 192.168.0.101
So if the attacker is lucky to guess rejected TTL value or firewall rule and applied correct TTL, then only port enumeration will get successful as shown in given image port 22 is open.
Source Port Scan
Source Port Filter with IPTables
One more step to secure network from scanning is to apply firewall rule to allow traffic from a specific port only and reject traffic from remaining ports.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --sport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
Now again NMAP basic and advance will fail to enumerate open port state and if the attacker made a correct guess again firewall filter then he can execute NMAP source port scan to enumerate port details.
The option g is used to define source port which will carry network packet to the destination port.
nmap -g 80 192.168.0.101
Above command will send traffic from port 80 to perform scanning hence firewall will allow traffic from source port 80 and as a result show state for open ports.
Decoy Scan
Set Firewall Log to capture Attacker IP
Admin can set a firewall rule to create Log for IP from which traffic is coming, it will only create system logs to capture the attacker IP who is performing scanning.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-prefix "kaliNmap" --log-level=4
Now if the attacker will perform any type of network scanning on the targeted system then the firewall will generate its log which will capture his IP.
Escape from the Firewall log
Always use some kind of precaution to escape yourself while performing network scanning because in windows “honey pot” and in Linux “iptables” are firewall will make the log of attacker’s IP. In such a situation, you are suggested to use a Decoy Scan for port enumeration.
Decoy Scan
The -D option makes it look like the trick scanning the target network. It does not hide your own IP, but it makes your IP one of a torrent of others supposedly scanning the victim at the same time. This not only makes the scan look scarier, but reduces the chance of you being trace from your scan (difficult to tell which system is the “real” source).
nmap -D 216.58.203.164 192.168.0.101
In the above command, we had to use Google IP as a torrent which will reflect as attacker IP in firewall log.
tail -f /var/log/syslog
When admin will read the system log then he will take higlighted IP as the attacker’s IP and may apply the filter on this IP to block incoming traffic from it.
Great works sir… but i’m having a doubt that if admin is blocking ssh port and nmap result showing port 22 closed than how ssh client can be connected with that machine
If connection to ssh port has been blocked by the administrator, then one cannot connect through ssh. If you want to learn about ssh security read this article http://www.hackingarticles.in/ssh-penetration-testing-port-22/
thank you sir…this clear my doubt as well.
Hi Raj,
in this case, unless there is a way to tell the SSH client to somehow “persist” on trying to establish the connection, what would be the purpose of creating firewall rule like the first one mentioned in the article:
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp –tcp-flags ALL SYN -j REJECT –reject-with tcp-reset
Or the purpose is mainly showing the interaction of the firewall changes with the nmap results?
Anyway , great article. Thanks
Excellent writeup , Keep going ., Please do post Part-2
https://www.hackingarticles.in/understanding-guide-nmap-firewall-scan-part-2/
By the way you have done a great job here.
Just small tip at TTL section which you have used –ttl-lt 64 to mean that it include 64 which is not practically. the correct answer for this is –ttl-lt 65.
thanks